George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

George Orwell’s book 1984, is his nightmarish vision of the future in England. He has used many ways to grip the reader and make a vision in the reader’s mind of what is happening in the novel. In the novel ‘1984’, the author, George Orwell employs a range of different techniques such as similes and metaphors to unnerve and keep the reader in anticipation, forcing them to read on. Orwell opens the rest of the chapter by introducing the society to the reader, â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† , this gives an idea that whinston is totally evicted from freedom. From the opening pages of 1984, it is enevitible that whinston is going to see death sometime in the book. Orwell has introduced ‘thought crime’ to the reader, â€Å"Thought crime does not entail death, thought crime is death†. Whinston has done this by writing I his diary in the opening pages. These opening pages, display a picture in the readers mind of the society that whinston is stuck in. The opening chapter of Orwells novel, introduces the bleak and depressing setting to the reader. He displays the setting as very dark and frightening and he constantly raises the matter throughout the chapter. Orwell displays this decayed setting, like a dystopia. He also portrays the landscape as grimey and a distate, † his work place, towered vast and white above the grimey landscape. † This is the constant effect Orwell uses to make the setting come across as bleak as possible. In the opening chapter of Orwells novel, The main theme is the party of Big Brother and the absoloute power. This theme comes across as very controlling on all party members, as they are totallly evicted from freedom. Orwell uses 3 phrases that gives an impression of the shear power and authority of Big Brother, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†, this is irony that is used to show power and it gives the main messages and theme of the party. Immediately in the opening pages, the reader knows that whinston is gong to die due to thought crime. They also know his weaknesses as he resents the authoritarian regime and tries to disobey Big Brother. Orwell has used a slight form of tense, where Whinston uses the words â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†, By this time in the novel the reader knows that consequences of this is certain death. But whinston escapes lucky, which is a relief to the reader. This gives the idea that whinston is already beginning to neglect the party and the control of Big Brother. Orwells novel is written in a depressing tone which merges well with the setting and atmosphere. Orwell is often reflective and see’s the viewpoint of whinston and also the party, but while he does this he displays the shocking power. Orwell writes very punctual and uses a large amount of drama to unsettle the reader, and they do not know whats coming next. In this novel Orwell writes in third person so that the reader knows exactly what is happening, he also has used a lot of dramatic and brutal language to portray the hellish dystopia. Overall, Orwells 1984 is a bold and shocking vision of the future, and he displays some of the most pollitical extremism in is novel than any other. His first chapter has an effective start to his novel as it unsettles the reader, but gives them a vast idea of what Big Brother and whinston are going to stir up later in the book.

Labor movement

Labor movements is a term that refers to a group of working people who have come together so as to fight for better working terms from their employers. Labor movements started as early as the 18th century and they were faced with a lot of resistance from both the government and other institutions who were opposed to the idea. Some people share experiences and share the same interests and as a result they tend to come against other s whose interests are different from theirs. This leads to people with the same ideas coming and together and fighting for their own welfare hence leading to the creation of labor movements. Formation of labor movements even in the early days was faced with several challenges. The major hindrance to these movements is their lack of power to negotiate properly for the workers. Once a workers union has been formed its main duty is to negotiate for better terms for its members but this is not usually an easy task. In America, there’s a process through which a workers union can negotiate with employers for better terms and it’s known as ‘collective bargaining’. For a union to be recognized by the employer it must be an elected one or the employer may recognize it voluntarily. This act requires the employer to bargain in what is known as ‘good faith ‘and this clearly proves to be unfair and not friendly to the labor unions since the employer is not under any pressure to agree to the workers demands but the agreement reached must also be favorable to him.The terms of this process are not also friendly to workers as it provides that all workers including even those who are not members of the union must bargain through this union and at no time can the employer negotiate with individual employees. Whenever negotiations are taking place and the two parties need to come to an agreement, it’s usually a nightmare for the employees’ representatives. This is the case mostly when there needs to be a written agreement between the employees and the employers because the employers bargain without any commitment or willingness to reach an agreement . The employers engage in a hide and seek game with the labor unions .In most cases they cancel meetings with the employees unions and in some cases, they may agree to minor proposals or proposals that are of little importance to the employees while giving considerations to others that are of little importance to the union members . Another hindrance to the labor movement is the refusal by employers to offer counterproposals to the proposals of the unions and they sometimes come up with new ones just when it appears like the two parties are reaching an agreement also in some cases they take back on some agendas that had already been agreed upon. These types of delays are only intended to frustrate the efforts of the unions and eventually force them to give up on their demands. The labor laws in many countries do not provide adequate restrictions or measures to stop these actions by the employers which can be said to be unethical and in bad faith. The labor unions some times become demoralized due to pressure they get from the employees who are always looking upon it to negotiate with the employers on their behalf. A good example is a case where the union goes to court only for the ruling to take too long to pass the judgment and the employers takes advantage of this by putting the blame on the unwillingness or the lack of commitment from the union. During these delays and other hindrances to the employee’s justice, some of the union members may quit, get sick, or even die and this only serves to weaken the union. The law is mainly to blame for all the woes and problems facing workers unions in many parts of the world. This weakness can be seen in cases where the court rules in favor of the employees because the employer is not ordered top pay any monetary fines but is just to go back to the negotiating table with the employees. Mostly, majority of the cases that are forwarded by employees to the courts are ruled in favor of the employers and this discourages new members from the joining the union and all that the union gets from such cases is just recognition. The growth of labor unions during the 19th century The growth of unions during this time took a different direction from what was previously known. Before this time, only skilled laborers or workers were allowed to join unions hence locking their counterparts who were not skilled out of any workers union that could voice their grievances. Before this time too, most of the labor unions were made up specific ethnic groups and they also allowed female employees to join the union unlike in the past where females were locked out of any unions. The old tactics of applying militant like tactics so as to voice grievances were done away with and the new generation of labor unions embraced the new approach of using negotiations as a tool in fighting for their rights. This didn’t work for long since soon afterwards, there rose the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) which didn’t like the approach used previously and it advocated actions like mass actions and strikes to forward the workers grievances. This new union didn’t discriminate anyone and it was made up of workers (skilled and non skilled) and it also didn’t discriminate members on either race or gender. This new union fought for the freedom of speech for workers which were not allowed there before. Later afterwards, there rose NLRA which came into an agreement with the government. The agreement saw both parties agree that, employees were to forward their complains through unions instead of taking direct actions. In 1950s labor unions became more powerful and were able to negotiate with large companies through a small number of union officials and the members were notified later after the final details of the agreement had been reached. The workers desisted from mass actions and embraced this new idea. Anyway, the union could call strikes anytime the employers showed unwillingness to listen to them. Since this union brought together almost all workers, the employers had little or no workers to replace those who were on strike and so they couldn’t break it. Currently, things have changed in favor of the employers. This change can be attributed to slack labor markets and unfair legal setups. Many modern companies do not encourage labor unions and do not fear actions like strikes since they see them as opportunities to hire replacements. The advancement in technology has also played a role in collapsing of labor unions since machines have taken jobs that were previously done by people. The most effective tool that the labor unions have been left with is negotiations. For good results to be realized, the union needs to establish unity among its members and prepare a document that outlines its goals, and a timetable for the actions it plans to take. These are essential incase the union is engaged by a potential employer over an employment contract. Modern labor laws, unlike the ancient ones, differentiate between mandatory and permissive subjects of bargaining. Lastly, when the terms of the contract between the labor union and the employer have been   Ã‚  finalized, the two parties signs a collective bargaining agreement which serves as the law throughout the duration of the contract. References 1. David Green & Lawrence Cromwell (1984) Mutual Aid or Welfare State. Australia's Friendly Societies. 2. Beverly Silver: (2003) Forces of Labor. Worker's Movements and Globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press. 3. St. James Press (2003) .Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. St. James Press 4.   Ã‚  John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (2003) U.S. labor in the twentieth century: studies in Working-class struggles and insurgency. Amherst, NY Humanity Books

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Ethics - Essay Example register required knowing the numbers item numbers for grains and produce; the customers were supposed to write them down, but many of them neglected this rule, and as such it was dependent on the cashier to either memorize or run and find the number when the customer forgot. Subsequently, during the busy periods the lines got long, and I had to rely on Joyce to help me with the item numbers. In addition to the item numbers, she helped me out with all the small things about the job that you don’t learn in training – which were the important managers, when to pretend you’re working hard, and when to slack off. Over the first few weeks we became very close and Joyce introduced me to her family. She had two daughters she was taking care by herself, as her husband had left her a few years earlier. One day Joyce came in visually distressed and wouldn’t tell me what was wrong. During our break I ate with her and finally got her to tell me the problem. She told m e that she had come on difficult times of late, as her husband had stopped paying child support and she was facing eviction from her apartment. Joyce was considerably older than me and I didn’t have much experience in these situations, but I felt very bad for her situation, and consoled her and told her that I’m sure things would be all right. The next day I worked Joyce was in and she seemed better. I noticed that she was much more standoffish than she had previously been, and I thought that maybe she just didn’t want to discuss what she told me before. During one of the busy periods one of Joyce’s daughters came through the checkout line, and I noticed Joyce not charging her for a number of items and place them in a bag. I wasn’t sure if I had seen the incident accurately, so I chose not to say anything. The next day I worked I watched Joyce closely and noticed that during the same time her daughter came through again, and Joyce similarly didn’t charge her for the items. At this point I was

(DNRC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(DNRC) - Essay Example The document contains information from collected reports from a wide range of government sections and agencies. The report contains evaluations of the associated severity of a big scope of primary accidents or natural occurrences (communally referred to as hazards) and attacks that are malicious in nature (threats). It also contains evaluations of the potential risks that are caused by public unrest, local extremists and organized crime. JTTF and Homeland Security Detectives have collected all sorts of information, and the following are the considered major hazards and threats that originate from five major sections. Miami faces a continuous threat from terrorism because it is a favored destination for many local and foreign tourists. Beyond the conventional strategies of attack, terrorists may have the intentions of conducting cyber attacks or employ non-traditional methods such as chemical, radiological substances, nuclear and biological materials (Christopher, Frye & Reissman, 2010). Considered to be a high profile political event, the Democratic-Republican National Convention is expected to present an attractive target to terrorist groups and their sympathizers. Without a shred of doubt, there will be a lot of movement of passengers during the course of the event. The historical information reveals that of the various malicious attacks regarded, traditional attempts at sabotaging the open transport structures such as the subway stations are likely to be tried (Shach-Pinsly & Ganor, 2014). Other related attacks of the same nature on maritime and air travel systems is less likely to be employed because of the heightened security screening within these systems. Non-conventional attacks are regarded as attacks that use unusual materials such as nuclear materials, chemical and biological materials. The magnitude and effect of such an occurrence would be dependent on the material used to carry out the attack, and the location chosen to launch the attack. The

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assignment - Research Paper Example It is advised that one confirms to know whether or not test results belong to him/her based on their full names and other identifying information. It is encouraged that if staff doesn’t ask such information, the patient should speak up and asks to see the labels on the tests. Patients are encouraged to ask the healthcare worker why a given test is being done. In order to ensure that the test ordered by the doctor is actually obtained, patients are advised to take the test order copy from the doctor to the test. Again, if one feels the test being done is the wrong one, it is important that clarification is sort from the staff. The brochure further highlights the need for filing complaints about a lab or a facility if mistakes are identified. This is one way of improving the services offered by such facilities. Finally, the brochure lists some of the questions patients need to ask the doctors and the staff performing the tests. These questions help the patient adequately prepare for the test and ensure that the test is done in the right manner. For instance, the patient may ask the doctor questions regarding the foods to be taken before a test, if there is need for prior medication and the reason for taking the test. Through such questions, communication between the patient and the healthcare workers is greatly enhanced. In this article, information is precisely and to the point, making it easy to be understood by many patients. In addition, the questions written at the end of the brochure are good triggers for communication between the patient and the healthcare provider, thereby enhancing the quality of care. However, the article needed to provide more information on how one needs to prepare for a medical or laboratory test. In particular, the article needed to provide basic steps one has to follow from preparation to the final

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit Essay

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit - Essay Example Samsung, the two technology manufacturing giants. In this regard, the discussion of the case provides a critical understanding about the key reasons of stealing software and identifies if Apple or Samsung have disclosed any such information regarding the stealing of software. In addition, the discussion of the essay also highlights the process of disclosing information by these two technology manufacturers and explains the roles and the comments made by the auditors through this particular lawsuit between Apple and Samsung. In relation to the lawsuits associated with the software programs, Apple has been recognized to enter lawsuit by claiming a steal of software program by its core rival Samsung. According to the lawsuit, it has been identified that Apple acquired the community design registration in order to produce tablet computer in the year 2004. The team of Apple strongly believes the fact that a major portion of the buyers purchases a phone of Samsung by considering it as an iPhone. According to the team, there can be certain reasons of the customers for considering the phone of Samsung as an iPhone (Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, â€Å"Democratic, Republican Party Platforms Emphasize Internet Freedom†). Based on the lawsuit, it has been claimed by Apple that Samsung made an infringement by using comparable design of its Galaxy SII by stealing software programs from Apple iPhone 4S. Moreover, the court fillings written by the attorney of Apple has also claimed that Samsung has systematically copied innovative technology along with innovative features and designs of Apple by infringing devices in the smartphone and tablet business industry (The Guardian, â€Å"Apple Sues Samsung for $2bn as Tech Rivals head back to Court†). The litigation of copying design and features or menu structure of the operating software has been emerged in

Dancing God Ganesha Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dancing God Ganesha - Research Paper Example Of particular interest in this case is that of Ganesha. This was a popular figure in the Indian art. This deity could be portrayed doing several activities for example standing, dancing, taking an action against a demon and many other postures that could be developed. Of concern in this case is the dancing Ganesha. This work of art originated in the Indian region. The Ganesha emerged as an element of worship in the Indian religion around the 4th century. All the Indians recognized this deity regardless of the affiliations they may be having. In no time this god became very popular in the Hindu worship. In fact Hindu religious writings recommend that the Ganesha be worshipped before the commencement of any activity, be it religious or not. This particular form of deity is seen to be one that resembles a human being but it has an elephant head. The portrait is actually seen to be a representation of the supreme beings that ensures that humans get success in whatever Endeavour they undertake. This is said to be achieved by the removal of any obstacles that may hinder the success of people in their activities. The portrait is designed in such a way that there is the depiction of four arms which the deity has. This piece of art happens to be on display at the Denver Art Museum. The portrait that is displayed at the Denver Museum seems to be a little different than what is described in writings and documents about the image. This is particularly in relation to the number of arms. The oone at the museum seems to be having close to seven or eight arms. The way in which the artifact is displayed in the museum may be rather confusing to the viewer, especially if it happens that the person interested in seeing the it has some bit of information especially with regard to what to expect. The sculpture is in the form of a stone carving but the attributes associated with it are not very much related to

WLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

WLAN - Essay Example It is also known as â€Å"Wireless-N".(Rathbone, 2012) It is the latest 802.11 amendment that offers the high speed data transfer rate with improved signal ranges than the previous amendments. As a matter of fact, the verified speeds for 802.11n devices are 7 times faster than 802.11g while communicating at 300 Mbps or more in real world scenario. Evidences proved it as the first Wi-Fi 802.11 amendment that has challenged the 100 Mbps wired Ethernet architectures. 802.11n supporting devices are designed for better performance at long distances, which means that if a portable device is 300 feet away from the Wi-Fi access point it will still retain its actual data rate. Distinguishing it from older versions of 802.11, where data rate and communication with the access points tend to be weakened when a portable device is that far. As we know that 802.11n has been standardized and groups in wireless industry such as the Wi-Fi Alliance have been forcing for backward compatibility among 802.11n and its previous version supporting devices – has reduced the risk of buying devices that may not communicate with each other or with older hardware. Studies showed that cross technology interference can be main issue for almost all the 802.11 amendments. A research based study in 2010 by giants like Miercom, BandSpeed and Farpoint Group showed that these huge interferers like microwave and cordless phones can be responsible for complete connectivity loss for 802.11n connectivity. The reason behind this is, some of these devices transmit frequency in band that is as wide as 802.11, while each one of these give out power that is equivalent or sometimes higher than 802.11 device. As we know that 802.11n inherent the MIMO technology. (Madisetti, 2010, p. 27-28) One solution can make it possible if we use a 3Ãâ€"3 802.11n transmitter. It will help in a way that all the interferences can disturb one stream while still two parallel streams are present for its receiver. The suggested

Army customs and courtesies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Army customs and courtesies - Essay Example A courtesy is a conscious conduct regularly connected to a custom (AR 600–25, 2004). A courtesy in the Army is such conduct reached out to a man or thing that distinctions them somehow. Military traditions characterize the calling of arms. When one shows military courtesies and traditions in different circumstances, one exhibits to oneself as well as other people ones dedication to obligation, honor, and nation. The existence of courtesy rules among individuals from the Armed Forces is essential to look after order. Military civility implies great behavior and respectfulness in managing other individuals. Affable conduct gives a premise to growing great human relations. The refinement in the middle of non military personnel and military graciousness is that military politeness was created in a military air and has turn into a vital piece of serving in uniform. The salute is not just an honor traded. It is a favored signal of admiration and trust among warriors. It is essential to keep in mind the salute is endorsed by regulation as well as acknowledgment of one anothers dedication, capacities, and demonstrable skill (AR 600–25, 2004). The starting point of the military salute is questionable, however it likely started as a signal of trust to demonstrate that a man was not holding a weapon. A few history specialists think saluting started in Roman times when deaths were normal. A subj ect who needed to see an open authority needed to approach with his right hand raised to demonstrate that he did not hold a weapon. The salute is broadly misjudged outside the military. Some consider it to be a signal of servility since the lesser extends a salute to the senior, yet we realize that it is a remarkable inverse. The salute is an expression that perceives one another as an individual from the calling of arms; that they have made an individual duty of benevolence to safeguard our lifestyle. The way that

Music Copyright & Interband Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Music Copyright & Interband Agreements - Essay Example (c) The Members agree they will act in good faith in connection with any matter relating to the constitution of the group and any of the activities of the Group and any obligation of the Group entered into with third parties. (d) the choice of record company and publishing company and the negotiation of the terms of any long term agreement relating to the professional services of the Group or any promotion or exploitation of any product of or rights in the goodwill and reputation of the Group; (g) the making of any request for or commitment to any significant loan or any other Group financial liability to any party (including any guarantee of third party obligations) and for any purpose in this context the term "significant" shall mean a transaction or series of related transactions or a facility exceeding (e.g. Â £30.00 - insert appropriate amount) whether or not the whole amount thereof is intended be drawn down at any time; 3. (a) Any decision not being within clause 2 or which is otherwise stated to require the unanimous consent of all Members will be decided upon by a majority vote on a show of hands each Member having one vote. (c) If the Group appoints its manager or any other party to adjudicate on any matter which cannot be resolved by voting then a condition of that appointment is that the decision of the adjudicator will be accepted by the Group. (ii). In the case of any ground for expulsion other than fundamental disagreement on Group policy or development the expelled Member must first (if appropriate) have been given a reasonable opportunity to remedy the complaint or to have been warned about his or her activity complained of and the written notice of expulsion must state the reason for the expulsion. (b) If the unanimous decision is given without reasonable cause such as (but not limited to) a material breach of this Agreement or permanent incapacity or a serious criminal conviction or a fundamental

Project Scope and Charter Essay Example for Free

Project Scope and Charter Essay The first phase of any project is the initiation phase. This phase commences when some type of business issue or opportunity is identified bringing about a proposal project to solve or address the issue or opportunity. The main deliverable of this phase is the project charter, which contains a broad view of what the project is about, who is involved, why the project is being conducted and how when the project will be carried out. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Once the charter is approved the project can move into the planning phase, which is where the charter is used to identify the scope of the project. This paper will examine the relationship between project scope and charter and highlight the benefits of each. Project Charter The project charter is a short document that serves as an informal contract between the project team and the sponsor of the project. (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg 84) This document contains only enough detail to get the project approved so it can move into the planning phase. Project Management Professional, Ritchie Hughes describes the charter as a representation of the â€Å"view from 3000 meters†. The project charter is usually drawn up by the Project Manager and team, or, in instances where a Project Manager has not yet been assigned, the project sponsor will complete the charter. Hughes explains that the functions of the â€Å"why† section of the charter are to ensure: the correct individuals will be consulted (e.g. stakeholders and governance), projects that are linked or dependent on the project in question are identified, the organization has enough resources (internally or externally) to complete the project, a business case for the organization is conveyed and that all the information is provided to support the executive team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Approval of the charter grants authority to the project manager to go through with the project and utilize the allotted budget or resources for the project activity. As the charter approval is the â€Å"Go/No Go† decision for the project, a non-approval means termination of the project. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Scope Approval of the project charter signifies the transition into the planning phase of the project. A critical part of the planning phase is identifying the scope of the project. Project scope is defined as â€Å"the work that must be performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.† (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg. 142) Ritchie Hughes explained that scope can also mean â€Å"the sum of products, services and results to be provided as a project.† The benefits of scope are that the work to be performed is clarified, listed and any work not to be completed (outside the project’s scope) is identified. Scope is also a useful tool in managing expectations and avoiding assumptions among stakeholders and the project team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Scope Creep A common issue when managing a project’s scope is dealing with scope creep. Scope creep can be defined as â€Å"the extra deliverables that can creep into a project.† (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 1) These â€Å"project improvements† can be very hard to avoid but may have a major effect on the project’s budget, timing or quality. Projects that may be susceptible to scope creep should have a scope change management plan that contains: a definition of scope change for the project, a process for submitting and reviewing scope changes, documentation needed for the change process and a tool to track change requests and their resolutions. (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 2,3) An understanding by both parties (project team and sponsor) of scope creep and its effects on the project, and an organized management plan will help avoid scope creep that may negatively affect the project’s success. Conclusion In the early stages of project management, two very important aspects are the project charter and scope of the project. Not all projects need a charter but understanding and managing the scope of a project will help the project team effectively complete the project in time and budget without â€Å"Gold Plating†. References Kloppenborg, T. J. (2012). Contemporary project management: organize, plan, perform (2nd ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. (2013). Managing Scope Creep. Collegiate Project Services, 1, 1-3. Hughes, R. (Director) (2013, January 31). Project Initiation: Scope Charters. Bus 427. Lecture conducted from Tom Rippon, Victoria.

Comparing Structures of the Heart

Comparing Structures of the Heart This exercise was conducted so that the anatomical construction of the cardiac structures would be evident.There were no safety precautions necessary as all dissections were done on line as virtual dissections. Activity 1: Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle Observations: Sketch and label your slide in the space provided. Include a description of the structures you observed on the slide. What are some unique structural features of cardiac muscle? Cardiac muscle is striated and uniquely structured to function in a muscle that is used approximately 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, and 365 days a year for an average of 80 years. Cardiac muscle is branched, not linear like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has alternating thick (myosin) and thin (actin) protein filaments which are the sliding filaments. These are the two primary proteins that build the cardiac fiber which is called a myofibril. When viewed under the microscope, also seen are the darker lines perpendicular to the muscle fiber which divide the cardiac muscle. These are the intercalated disks. These structures enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The intercalated disk allows the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. The heart must work continuously. That is why it has an abundance of mitochondria in the myocardium. In fact, approximately 50% of the myocardium is mitochondria. These structures are the cellular power generators for the cells. They enable constant aerobic respiration which supplies energy to the myocardial cell for constant function. What are intercalated discs and what do they do? The intercalated disks enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The disks allow for the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. Why does cardiac muscle have to be both elastic and strong? The human heart must be elastic as well as strong in order to meet the needs of the human body. The elasticity of the atria and ventricles is important in order to accommodate the preload that is essential to trigger the stretch of the myofibrils that is inherent in contractility and vital for cardiac output or the ejection of blood. When an individual participates in exercise and has a faster heart rate, the chambers must dilate (or stretch) to accommodate the returning volumes in order to meet the greater need for oxygen in the exercising muscles. As the heart returns to normal resting rates, these dilated chambers return to their normal size. Chronic chamber dilation (or cardiomyopathy) can be detrimental to the function of the heart and result in decreased pumping, loss of forward flow as well as heart failure. Contractility of the actin and myosin fiber is an inherent property of cardiac muscle. But strength of contractility is important to overcome afterload. Afterload is defined as the force that is needed to overcome aortic pressure for cardiac ejection of stroke volume. Afterload is increased in the presence of sustained diastolic hypertension. Over a period of years this continual increase in the work of the heart will lead to hypertrophy of the ventricular muscle and not only will strength of contraction be lost but increased oxygen consumption will be detrimental to the myocardium and may result in angina or infarction. D. Which of the three layers of the heart did the tissue used to make your slide originate from? The slide was made from the myocardium or muscle tissue. Activity 2: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Draw a diagram showing pulmonary and systemic circulation. Color the deoxygenated side blue and the oxygenated side red. Use a regular pencil to draw arrows to indicate blood flow. Questions: Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Begin in the right atrium and end in the superior/inferior vena cava. Be sure to list every vessel, heart chamber, and heart valve the blood flows through. Blood flow through the heart begins with the returning deoxygenated systemic bolus into the right atrium. Passively it flows through the low pressure atrioventricular tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. As pressures equalize, the tricuspid valve closes. In the right ventricle, this bolus is pressurized isometrically and then ejected through the low pressure semilunar pulmonic valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries. The bolus then travels through the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries until it is in single file in the capillary at the alveolar-pulmonary basement membrane. At this point the red blood cell transverses the capillary lengthwise in order to present a greater surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Now the oxygenated red blood cell travels through the pulmonary capillary bed into the pulmonary venules and into the pulmonary veins. Through the pulmonary veins, of which there can be 3 to 5, the blood enters into the left atrium ( there are no valves in the pulmonary veins, unlike other veins, and the bolus of blood is pushed forward by the continual movement of blood from the right atrium and ventricle ) . Again passively the bolus of blood flows through the higher pressure mitral valve into the left ventricle. As the pressures again equalize, the mitral valve closes. As the bolus of blood, now known as left ventricular end diastolic volume or more correctly preload, is pressurized again isometrically, the pressure of the aorta (afterload) is exceeded and ejection occurs though the semilunar high pressure aortic valve and into the aorta. The oxygenated blood now travels through the aorta for dispersal to all the organs and tissues of the body for oxygenation and removal of the cellular waste product, carbon dioxide. From the aorta, blood travels into the smaller arteries, arterioles and eventually the various capillary beds. After the O2 and CO2 exchange occurs at the cellular level, the deoxygenated blood travels from the capillary beds into the venules, veins and eventually into the vena cava. The vena cava returns the deoxygenated blood into the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava vessels. And the process continues as long as the heart beats. Explain what you learned from the online human heart dissection. I must truthfully state that I did not gain any new information from this exercise. I have been an RN for almost 40 years and my primary area of practice is critical care. One of my areas of expertise is cardiology. I have been certified in critical care (CCRN) for 36 years and I am also cardiac medicine certified (CMC) by my national organization. However, it was interesting and a very nice review. Activity 3: Sheep Heart Dissection/Fetal Pig Comparison Questions: Compare the structure of the fetal pig and sheep heart. How are they similar? How are they different? Except for the differences in size, I did not note many differences between the sheep heart and the fetal pig heart. They are similar in that their construction is a 2 chambered atria and ventricle and there is similar vasculature. I did note that the fetal pig heart showed similar muscle mass of both the right and left ventricles. The left ventricle had not increased in myocardial muscle mass yet as the heart had not needed to be the sole source of power for perfusion. After birth, I believe that the left ventricle will increase in mass as seen in both the sheep heart and the human heart. Why is the heart referred to as a double pump? The human heart is referred to as a double pump because of the differences needed to handle systemic return and peripheral forward flow. The right heart is a lower pressure system and blood enters passively, driven by the left ventricular ejection force. This blood enters into the lower pressure pulmonary system, where pulmonary arterial systolic pressure is comparable to right ventricular systolic pressure. The left side of the heart is a much higher pressure system. As the blood leaves the left ventricle, it is at a much higher pressure due to the need to overcome the afterload of the aorta. (Systemic vascular resistance.) Because of this increased need, the left myocardium is considerably thicker than the right ventricle. Additionally, because of this increased muscle mass, during the sustained contraction phase (consistent with the ST segment in the electrical tracing), there is much higher oxygen consumption in the left ventricle. This predisposes the left ventricle to more cardiac issues such as angina, infarction, myopathies, hypertrophies and sudden death due to electrical disturbances. There are four valves in the heart. Name each valve, list its location and give its function. The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid, the pulmonic, the mitral and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atria and right ventricle. It is a low pressure atrioventricular valve and its job is to prevent back flow or regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle during systole or contraction The pulmonic valve is a semilunar cusped valve located in the ostium of the trunk of the pulmonary artery which takes off from the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts and blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery, the pulmonic valve closes as the pressures are equalized. The cusp like structure helps to push blood forward. With the valve closed there should be no regurgitation from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, this time during diastole as the dilation of the ventricle creates a vacuum to enhance diastolic filling from the atrium. The mitral valve is a bicuspid or 2 leaflet atrioventricular valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. As the left heart is a higher pressure system, the mitral valve must be able to withstand greater pressures. During the contraction of the left ventricle, closure of the mitral valve prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricle into the left atrium. The mitral valve, as well as the tricuspid valve, is attached to the ventricular walls by chordae tendinea and papillary muscles. During infarctions of the left anterior ventricular wall, these structures can become ischemic and lead to mitral valve dysfunction, further complicating the infarction. The aortic valve is located at the root of the aorta at its junction with the left ventricle. It is a high pressure, cusped, semilunar valve that must withstand tremendous pressures during left ventricular ejection. Again, if the valve becomes incompetent, blood can flow back into the left ventricle during systole (ejection). This can lead to ventricular overload and pulmonary vascular congestion as well as forward perfusion issues. Both ostia of the coronary arteries are located at the aortic valve near the sinuses of Valsalva. If ventricular ejection is decreased either through poor contractility or incompetent aortic valve, coronary artery perfusion can be affected. Compare the left and right sides of the dissected heart. What differences do you see? When the dissected human heart is laid flat, both atria and ventricles can be seen. In this view, it is very obvious how much more muscular the left ventricle and even the left atrium is, when compared to the right side of the heat. The interventricular septum bows slightly into the right ventricle. The left ventricular chamber is larger in size and the left atrium is also larger In the right and left ventricles you can see the papillary muscles and chordae tendinea that attach the tricuspid and mitral valves to the interventricular wall. In the right ventricle there are trabeculae, light finger like projections that are not readily noted in the left ventricle. Compare and contrast the functions of the atria and the ventricles. Both atria are receiving chambers, with the left larger and more muscular than the right. The right atrium receives systemic, deoxygenated blood from the superior and the inferior vena cava and deoxygenated cardiac blood from the coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit via the multiple pulmonary veins in the left lateral wall. The right atrium is also the home of the heartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s electrical system. The sino-atrial node (SA node) is located in the roof of the right atrium and is the primary pacemaker of the heart maintaining an inherent rhythm and rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute. In the floor of the right atrium, near the junction of the atrium and the interventricular muscular septum is the atrioventricular node. The AV node or junction is a backup pacemaker of the heart, designed to come in as an escape mechanism if the SA node fails as can happen in cardiac disease or sometimes drug induced mechanisms. The junctio n is designed to only run the heart when it does not receive the SA nodal signal and so its intrinsic rate is 40 to 60. There is an automatic pause built in between the electrical signal of the SA node and the firing of the AV node and this is known as the AV interval. This slight pause is sufficient to allow the final filling of the ventricles before systole. The waveform generated with SA nodal firing causes the right atrium to contract and push the remaining blood into the right ventricle. This contribution to ventricular filling is known as atrial kick and can be extremely important to individuals with limited cardiac reserve. There are conduction pathways running through the right atrium and over to the left atrium but the atrium does not have any electrical nodes similar to the right atrium. In abnormal rhythms such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, there are sometimes aberrant pathways in the left atrium that contribute to these dysrhythmias. They are occasionally treated with ablation therapy and scarring of the atrial wall. Both ventricles are pumping chambers but the left is the more massive and more vital of the two. The right chamber receives the preload initially and if it is diseased or injured, its dysfunction can severely impact the left sided filling and cardiac output. The left ventricle is 2 to 3 times more muscular that the right and even thought the ventricles work in harmony, the leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job is ejection and perfusion to the organs and tissues. The predominance of the coronary artery system is located on the left ventricle and the majority of coronary artery disease involves the left ventricle. Where is the myocardium located? The myocardium is the inner muscular layer of the heart, located between the epicardium and the endocardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer and is formed by the pericardium folding back onto itself at the aorta. Inflammation of this lining can cause pericarditis. The endocardium is the epithelial lining of the inside of the heart and includes all the structures internally. The endocardium also has an endocrine function, secreting endocardin which helps to sustain contraction. Infarctions can involve the endocardium and previously were known as subendocardial infarctions but are now call non-stemis. (Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions.) Additionally, bacteria from peripherally inserted central lines or IV drug abuse or even dental disease can cause infections of the endocardium called endocarditis. The myocardium is the muscle mass that is involved in stretch and contraction. When there is a disruption of oxygen to an area of myocardium, it is referred to as a myocardial infarction (Stemi) Death of the tissue with subsequent ventricular dysfunction can result if oxygenation is not restored. How does the heart supply blood to its own cells? The heart needs a continuous and rich source of oxygenated blood. None of the blood that is pumped through the left chambers oxygenates the heart. The hearts source of oxygen comes from the coronary artery system. These vessels lay on the epicardium of the heart and through collaterals and perforators supply the myocardium with oxygen rich blood. The left coronary artery arises at the left Sinus of Valsalva on the aortic valve. It travels a short distance across the left atrium behind the pulmonary artery, which protects it from any external trauma, caudally towards the left ventricle and is known as the left main. Any significant disruption of flow at this level through stenosis or thrombus can cause sudden cardiac death. As the left main emerges from behind the pulmonary artery, it becomes known as the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). This artery travels from the atrium to the apex of the left ventricle, giving off significant branches and lies in the interventricular sulcus directly overlying the ventricular septum. When you look at the human heart and notice the heavy streak of fat running across the anterior wall of the left ventricle, you are looking at the protective covering of fat for the LAD as it lies in the interventricular sulcus. When the left main changes to the LAD, there is another branch given off that runs circumferentially between the left ventricle and the left atrium. This is known as the Circumflex and also lies in a groove known as the atrioventricular groove and is protected also by a fat pad. On occasion there is a 3rd branching that arises at this area known as the Ramus or Intermediate branch. Arising from the LAD are diagonals that cross the anterior surface of the left ventricle from the IV sulcus to the left lateral aspect of the left ventricle. The LAD also gives rise to a group of vessels known as septal perforators that perforate the anterior aspect of the muscular septum. The LAD crosses over the apex and turns upward for a short distance on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle. The Circumflex travels around the left ventricle and terminates on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle not far from the right ventricle in branches referred to as the muscular branches. As the Circumflex travels around the heart, there are branches that arise and travel caudally and laterally across the left ventricle. These 3 branches are referred to as the obtuse marginals. The Right Coronary Artery (RCA) arises of the right Sinus of Valsalva on the right side of the aorta. The RCA lies in the same atrioventricular sulcus that the Circumflex lies in as it travels between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When the RCA reaches the division between the anterior aspect of the right ventricle and the inferior aspect of the left ventricle, there is a large branch that comes off the RCA and travels laterally towards the LAD. This is referred to as the Acute Marginal branch of the RCA and feeds the right ventricle. Near the ostium of the RCA, there is a small lateral branch that is important for collateral feed to the LAD, known as the conus branch. As the RCA traverses the right ventricle branches known as muscular branches supply additional blood to the right ventricle. Having turned and been protected behind the inferior vena cava for a short distance, the RCA is now traveling on the inferior wall of the left ventricle. When it reaches the point where it would be over the interventricular septum, it makes a 90 degree turn and heads towards the apex of the left ventricle. At this time it is now referred to as the Posterior Descending Coronary Artery of the Right Coronary Artery (PDA). There is a mirror sulcus here called the posterior IV sulcus to protect the PDA. Just like on the LAD, the PDA gives off septal perforators that feed the posterior portion of the interventricular septum. The electrical system of the heart is feed predominately by the RCA as 60% of the time the SA Nodal artery arises off the PDA near this 90% turn and is a perforator type of artery. The AV Nodal artery, as a perforator, arises from the PDA directly at this angle, which is known as the Crux. Collaterals exist from birth and are widespread across the anterior surface of the left ventricle as well as the inferior surface. As we age ,they begin to develop and gain importance for cardiac blood flow when the other major coronary vessels develop atherosclerotic disease and stenosis. Coronary blood flow is on the supply and demand system. When another organ has an increased need for oxygen, (for instance, the colon) the heart rate increases to meet that demand. In the heart, however, the supply is meet internally through the perforators and smaller capillaries that run a small distance into the myocardium. The best filling of the perforators and capillaries is during diastole or rest. During systole, they are compacted by the muscles in which they lie. As the coronaries receive flow both during systole and passively during diastole, it is to the hearts advantage to not be tachycardia.

Comparison of Post War Poetry

Comparison of Post War Poetry Write an essay comparing John Agards, ‘In Times of Peace, and Fred DAguiars, ‘War on Terror: The post-war Caribbean Diaspora, and its attending aesthetic rise in poetics, is rooted in a celebration of paradox in the disorientation and anxiety of a conflicted cultural identity, and consequentially, the self-examination and inspection it provokes. John Agard and Fred dAguiar are no exception as both are of Guyanese origin, and both find themselves exploring the present in Britain, a present submerged in social and political turbulence to which the war in Afghanistan is inextricably linked. We find ourselves in a divided Age, wherein troubadours and poets no longer scribble from a faraway trench nor enlist at all, but instead fight in a socio-political arena against seemingly endless cavalries of disillusionment and bureaucratic control. The stanzaic Rebel-Yell is, today, battling alienation on a pseudo-home front orchestrated by vast and impersonal forces, and as a result Fred dAguiars proclamation, that â€Å"home is always elsewhere†, speaks volumes for our current c ondition. Agard and dAguiar, poets capable of fusing deep imagination with cultural and political realities, seem at once relevant voices in their potential to shed light from a paradoxical insider-and-outsider perspective. Traditionally, Agard and dAguiar have displayed firm grasps on iconoclastic satire and political criticism. Their poems, ‘In Times of Peace and ‘War on Terror, respectively, stay true to this tradition while sharing many other themes including; the psychological impact of modern warfare, dislocation, ambiguity, transience, and more. For every similarity however, there are differences, most profoundly in tone. Where ‘War on Terror is overwhelmingly elegiac with overtones of nostalgic resignation, ‘In Times of Peace seems defiant and provocative. Through these and other varied vehicles, the poems arrive with the same didactic intention of moving us into a vital awareness and inquisitiveness. Even at a first glance, the structural differences between the two poems are as striking as they are reflective, in that we are faced with the juxtaposition of dAguiars aesthetic minimalism and Agards erudite precision. In ‘War on Terror, the total exclusion of punctuation acts out the role of persistent catalyst for interpretation. The lack of direction created, while being profoundly symbolic of the convoluted war itself, also provokes an active readership in which the audience is forced into subjectively expressing the framework of the poem. This provocative absence almost constructs a dialogue between reader and poet, a poetic conversation and revelation free of political rhetoric but instead promoting personal understanding and endless possibilities for expression. Along with this understanding though, extreme ambiguity the ‘fog of war is ever-present and is only accentuated by the final non-conclusion. The fact that the last line is left open-ended leaves an after -taste of â€Å"nightmare†2 discomfort, wherein the ambiguously prosperous war remains unanswered for and closure is left unfound; thus this purposeful omission aims for a metaphorical rereading and search for answers. In contrast, John Agards deliberate inclusion of question-marks as the only punctuation lends to a more direct approach whereby he automatically denies any degree of finality or certainty, but in its place offers us the right questions. This careful placement, in conjunction with an apocalyptic ‘falling trochaic metre, draws attention to the gravity of the questions being asked, or the questions that should be asked and answered. Tension seems to rise as ‘In Times of Peace progresses along a series of internal-rhymes, with each quatrain growing closer to a complete Canzone verse a relatively archaic form traditionally reserved for the tragic, comic or elegiac in subject; and is therefore not out of place here. In this way, as the rigidity of Agards confrontation symbolises the homogenous production-lines of Capitalist war, dAguiars free-verse compliments the lack of punctuation in projecting a disquieting awareness of entropy3. Both poems display a deviant anaphora, with equally significant effects. In ‘War on Terror the repetition of â€Å"as long as†2, and more consistently, â€Å"long†2, serves both to provide changing states of time and perspective, and to emphasize the severity of the paradoxical â€Å"shorter†2 in the final stanza. The theme of Time and transience is abundant throughout, with the first and second stanzas introducing a conceit paradox that will be elaborated upon gradually until echoing indefinitely in the open-ended stanzaic non-conclusion. Before doing so however, the somewhat surrealistic inclinations of â€Å"paint behind the eyeballs†2 and plethora of functioning tropes succeed in defamiliarizing the reader from the mass-media-desensitization to ongoing war, so to give way to the abrupt and dire realities where â€Å"nightmares paint†2 Post Traumatic Stress disorders and the next generation dies for todays conflict â€Å"in their sleepâ₠¬ 2. The sense of time and relative transience is propelled by the changing metaphors and perspectives of short long, of â€Å"as long as a piece of string†2 contradicted by â€Å"no longer than a piece of string†2, of â€Å"as long as nightmares†2 juxtaposed with the evanescence of â€Å"paint†2. Mutually, ‘In Times of Peace uses the complexities of Time within the words, â€Å"begin†, â€Å"all there is†, â€Å"wilting†1, and urgent questioning of â€Å"are eyes ready†1, to create a sense of immediacy. Anaphora in Agards poem comes in the form of quantifiers and adverbs (â€Å"that†, â€Å"how†, â€Å"when†1) at the beginning of lines, enabling continuity of the inquisition. Figurative use of grammar is likewise found in dAguiars elegy as, in the final stanza, possessive pronouns of â€Å"this†, â€Å"our† and â€Å"their†2 are wielded to illustrate identity and allegiance â €Å"this war in this time under this government†2 not only projects a feeling of detachment and sterile anonymity, but the inclusion of â€Å"under†2 proposes a deeper anomie, oppression and inhumanity. Contrastingly, â€Å"our children†2 evokes a possessive responsibility just as, â€Å"their sleep†2 exemplifies a human right to self-ownership (of fate). The theme of inhumanity, or even sub-humanity, is moreover exposed when the only alliteration, a signpost for natural fluency and regularity, can be found in the nostalgic â€Å"tamarind tree† and â€Å"child crying†2. Furthermore, the incongruous imagery of â€Å"radar† and â€Å"whale†2 is rooted in irony, subjectively interpreted as a comparison between the natural purity of the whale, and the disturbing ‘new nature of technological man. This metaphor finds its feet most dramatically in Agards commentary, where the conceit metaphor throughout is that of modern-man cha nging or devolving into something unrecognisable. Via anatomical referencing of â€Å"finger†, â€Å"skin†, â€Å"feet†, â€Å"bodies†, â€Å"hearts†, â€Å"human arms†, â€Å"ears†, and â€Å"eyes†1, Agard contemplates the long-term impact of cross-generational war on human nature4. The alliteration of â€Å"at home in heavy boots†1 brings us to question whether the nature of modern humanity is rooted and reliant on war, leading onto our â€Å"stepping over bodies†1 to draw attention to ruthless Capitalist careerism, and finally questioning how we will â€Å"cope with a bubble bath†1 and whether terminal damage has been done and the notion of ‘peace is no longer relevant, but has been reduced to obscurity, to theory and vagrant optimism. Alliteration is present again in the orality of â€Å"bullets blood†1, but as if awakening in a violent realisation the fluency is halted abruptly by the line -ending â€Å"rush†1. These dystopian visions remain central to the satirical and sceptical comparisons of index fingers with â€Å"skin†, â€Å"feet† with â€Å"foam†, â€Å"arms† with the ironic â€Å"death of weapons†, and â€Å"ears† with the romantically-natural imagery of â€Å"wings†1. Considering these interpretations, the audience can find echoes of Rousseauian6 humanism in both Agard and dAguiars outlook on an anaemic mechanised society. Within our psychological black comedy, our â€Å"Parade Sauvage†7, refuge can be found in the rarity that is the autonomous realm of poetry no social compromise is offered, no empty promise, but in their places stands a state of rare human equality and mutual exploration. John Agards ‘In Times of Peace bares the ugly reality of our ‘evolution into the modern Prometheus by veiling serious musings, of the notion of Peace as a still-tangible possibility or a faded and fellatious mirage, with a darkly comical satire. Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror, a title made metaphorical by its origins in mass-media and governmental reasoning, reflects upon the long-term consequences of war and leaves, open-ended, the prospect of a predetermined and doomstruck fate for our next generation of children. Appendix: Notes: 1. From focus text, John Agards ‘In Times of Peace 2. From focus text, Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror 3. The focus poems both mirror each other in a stanzaic capacity for debate, with ‘In Times of Peace separated into three thematic sections of ‘War vs. Civilian Life (first and second stanzas), ‘War vs. Love and Soul (third stanza), and ‘Traditional Nature vs. New Human Nature (fourth and fifth stanzas). Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror can be stanzaically split into two balanced faces of paradoxical Time, ‘the Indefinite (first and second couplets) and ‘the Definite (fourth and fifth couplets). 4. â€Å"The number of former servicemen in prison or on probation or parole is now more than double the total British deployment in Afghanistan†, and an â€Å"Estimated 20,000 veterans are in the criminal justice system, with 8,500 behind bars, almost 1 in 10 of the prison population†. Travis, Alan, ‘Revealed: The Hidden Army in UK Prisons, The Guardian, 25 September 2009, p.1. 5. Roberts, Neil, A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001) pg. 583. 6. Rousseau, J.J, The Social Contract (London: Penguin Group, 1968). 7. Rimbaud, Arthur, Complete Works Selected Letters, Bilingual edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005) pp. 314-317. Bibliography: Silkin, John, The Life of Metrical and Free Verse in Twentieth-Century Poetry (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). Roberts, Neil, A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001). Lennard, John, The Poetry Handbook, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rousseau, J.J, The Social Contract (London: Penguin Group, 1968). Focus Text: Approaching Poetry U67010 Module Handbook Semester 1, 2009-10: Agard, John, ‘In Times of Peace DAguiar, Fred, ‘War on Terror

science :: essays research papers fc

I dont have a paper that is why i am here setter. Above all, it means having the freedom to lead rather than being obliged to follow† (p.36). In looking at these definitions it can be seen that there are many different types of leadership. Several examples might be transformational, charismatic, and entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is vital to an individual and to a corporation’s success. Entrepreneurial firms are a major source of innovation and change. They create jobs, new tax revenues, and other transfers of money. At a time when U.S. productivity growth is lagging behind other countries, and when our large corporations are laying off workers and focusing on core businesses, entrepreneurial firms assume a more significant role; They do what large companies are not doing (Miner, 1997, p.54). Definitions of Entrepreneurial Leadership Stevenson, Roberts, & Grousbeck (as cited in Morris, Avilla, & Allen, 1993) Define entrepreneurship as â€Å"The process of creating value by bring together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity† (p.56). Furthermore, (Covin & Slevin, 1989; Miles & Arnold, 1991; Miller & Friesen, 1983) also cited (Morris et al., 1993): The process itself consists of the set of activities necessary to identify an opportunity, develop a business concept, and then manage and harvest the venture. As a process, it has applicability to organizations of all sizes and types. The entrepreneurship construct has three underlying dimensions: innovativeness, or the development of novel or unique products, services or processes; risk-taking, or willingness to pursue opportunities having a reasonable chance of costly failure; and proactiveness, or an emphasis on persistence and creativity in overcoming obstacles until the innovative concept is fully implemented (p.596). Entrepreneurial Leadership within Management Success for entrepreneurs requires innovation. There are several ways to achieve this according to Drucker: 1. Entrepreneurial manag ement first requires that the organization be made receptive to innovation and willing to perceive change as an opportunity rather than a threat. It must be organized to do the hard work of the entrepreneur and create the entrepreneurial climate. 2. It secondly requires systematic measurement—or at least systematic appraisal—of a company’s performance as entrepreneur and innovator, and built-in learning to improve performance. 3. Thirdly, entrepreneurial management requires specific practices with respect to organization structure, staffing, management compensation, incentives, and rewards (p.33). Not only is innovation a key factor in the success of entrepreneurial management but, an important issue that needs to be brought to management’s attention; individualism and collectivism within the corporation.

Personal Narrative: My Experience in College Prep II Writing Essay

For the entirety of my undergraduate career I had the distinct ability to successfully write research papers, critical essays and journal entries. On the whole I feel that my writing was successful due to the fact that I received excellent grades as well as glowing comments of support from my professors. Please understand that I am not boasting about my grade point average, class rank or even attempting to claim that I am a good writer. However, I do feel confident in my abilities to write papers that speak directly to the question at hand while simultaneously addressing, although not necessarily adhering to, the professor’s point of interest. I must credit much of my success as an undergraduate to Mr. M of the High School English Department. My outlook on academic writing was drastically altered during the fall of 1997 with the help of Mr. M and a writing course entitled College Prep II. Any High School Senior who wishes to matriculate at a four-year college or university can enroll in College Prep II. The purpose of the course, as if it weren’t obvious from the title, is to adequately prepare outgoing seniors to write effective research papers and essays at the college level. Before I delve into the specifics of the course itself, I must briefly acquaint you with the quirky Irishman mentioned above. Mr. M came across as the type of wise old Irishman you might run into in a quaint pub and spend hours sipping Guinness, telling jokes and exchanging personal experiences with. Perhaps the reason why College Prep II became such a welcomed challenge for my classmates and I had something to do with the high level of respect Mr. M showed us. Although we were nothing more than scared, immature high school seniors, he talked to us as if... ...ard sentence structure or maybe even a few contradictory ideas would take our paper from a B+ to a C-. However, no one knew that Mr. M was not grading us solely upon our final draft, but on our ability to embrace writing as a continuous process where there is always room for improvement. Whatever the case, the methods Mr. M taught carried me through four years of college writing with relative ease, yet I never realized that I was adhering to his school of writing until I began to ponder this writing assignment. He did an excellent job emphasizing the technical structure of the process, while focusing intently on the personal or humanistic side to writing. Will my outlook on writing change during my future as a graduate student, straying from the ways of Mr. M? Probably, but I think a part of that process will always be in the back of my head, for better or for worse.

Contributions of Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

In the year 1800, Thomas Jefferson succeeded John Adams and became the next President of the United States. When coming into office he had numerous ideas of how he wanted to have the country run. Also, in being the front man to the Republican Party he had several people supporting those ideas. However, Jefferson soon realized that not all of his ideas would be able to be incorporated into the government as simply as he assumed and furthermore that some of his ideas were not as great as the assumed. Nevertheless, although Jefferson may not have lived up to all of his campaign promises and the expectations of his party, he did use his time as president efficiently and developed the new reputation of the United States. Jefferson was called â€Å"The Man of the People† with his philosophy of government being to put more power into the hands of the people and limiting the power of government. He was concerned that high taxes, standing armies, and civic corruption could demolish American liberty by giving too much authority to the government. Moreover, Jefferson thought common liberty required a common good and to put this ahead of one’s personal wellbeing and make sure to keep the government from growing out of control. He thought the most honorable citizens were the knowledgeable farmers and that cities were a breeding ground for those who would pose a threat to liberty. This was because men who relied on merchants or factory proprietors for employment could manipulate their employees’ votes, as opposed to farmers who were their own bosses. To a degree Thomas Jefferson was pragmatic when it came to foreign affairs. As an alternative to doing what his political party anticipated him to do he would make decisions based on the â€Å"common good† of the country. For instance, in 1803 when Jefferson was in the midst of his plan to rid America of its national debt, he bought the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte for $15 million, which was nearly the price of the national debt he was trying to dispose of. Being realistic Jefferson bought it because it was a bargain to pay for nearly doubling the size of the United States, made it so the U.S wasn’t sandwiched between Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars, and acquired New Orleans. However, most Federalists opposed the purchase and Americans didn’t get a chance to vote on whether or not to buy it.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny? Essay

How come no one could take over the government. The Constitution (document-based question – DBQ)  was written in 1787 in Philadelphia. A Constitution tells how the government is going to work. How did the writers of the Constitution keep person or a group of people from getting too much power? A tyranny is a power held by I person or group of people. The Constitution guarded against tyranny in several ways which were federalism, separation of power, check and balances, and small and large states. How Does Federalism Guard Against Tyranny The ï ¬ rst guard against tyranny was Federalism which means the central and state government examples. Both government has the power to tax and laws or enforce laws. The central government can provide an army, but the state government can establish school. Federalism protects against tyranny because the state and national governments have powers so no one become too powerful. It helps them work together. A second guard against tyranny was separation of power which means divided the government in to three branches. In order to not have a tyranny, you must separate the department of power. Each branch is need to make a decision Judicial Power is vetted in the supreme court goose to the president. Separation of Power protects tyranny because they could over power the president. The third guard against tyranny was check and balances which means that each branch is able to check up on the other branches. They want to keep the central government branches working together because they need each other. The 3 branches working cycle they all can do things they must all agree. Check and balances protects against tyranny because by having each branch check up on each other no one branch can over power the other. The fourth guard against tyranny was the issue of small and large state which means making everything fair for all states. The large state favor the H, of rep because they have a large population and small state has a favor the senate. The House of Representatives is based on population and each has 2 senators. The issue of small and large state protects against tyranny because the congress is far for both large and small states because they need each other to make a decision. In conclusion, federalism, separation of powers, check and balances, and issue of small and large states helped to guard against tyranny in the U.S. government. For example, the government is divided into 3 branches which are fair and equal. It is important to understand, to know that our constitution protect us from somebody taking over states. I think that is important today because in my future IÊ ¼ll be able to achieve my goals. Works Cited Brady, Charles, and Philip Roden. Mini-Qs in American History. Evanston, IL, The DBQ Project, 2009. â€Å"Selected Works on Tyranny.† Constitution Society Home Page, www.constitution.org/tyranny.htm. Seppa, Nathan. â€Å"Meeting Notes: Multivitamins Don’t Guard against Heart Attack.† Science News, vol. 182, no. 12, 2012, pp. 9–9.

Processing

Crystal Hoge Professor Jennifer Mullins Eng. 101 Bi-Term Processing Essay 29 October 2012 Bringing Baking Back from the Old Days Today's society has become all about convience and how to get everything done cheaper and faster. However, my belief is that you should only take convience so far. Convience shouldn't be brought anywhere near the kitchen. My favorite baked item is that of old-fashioned bread. I don't mean that pre-packaged bread that you pick up from your local grocery store.I'm talking about the kind of sweet smelling bread your grandma used to make on Sunday mornings before church. Included in this article are the ingredients and steps necessary to obtaining that delicious, sweet smelling homemade bread. The first step to baking is to aquire the desired recipe the recipe I will be following is the recipe for traditional white sandwich bread. (Yetter, Elizabeth) The required ingredients for this recipe for the recipe are as follows: * 1 ? cup room temperature milk * 1 Tbsp dry active yeast * ? tsp salt * 1 Tbsp softened butter 3 ? cups all purpose flour, or bread flour This recipe will only make one loaf and will take roughly three hours and fifteen minutes. This time includes baking and preparation time. Before starting your preparation, I highly recommend making sure you have all required ingredients, as well as any desired additional indregients. If you wish to have sweeter tasting white sandwich bread I recommend a tablespoon of honey. If you wish to make more than one loaf of bread, simply multiply the recipe. If you desire to make two loaves, double the recipe.If three loaves is what you want, quadruple the recipe. Doing so, however, may elongate the period of time it takes to cook and prepare the bread. Preparation is the next key step in making a successful loaf of bread. First, you will need a large bowl in which you will mix milk and yeast, adding sugar, salt, and two cups of flour at a time to ensure it mixes well. As a test, make sure the dough follows your spoon around the bowl. Next, lightly flour your recently cleaned and dried counter top and knead the dough for four minutes.The process of kneading is basically pulling apart and massaging the dough into a ball. After kneading the dough until smooth, grease a medium sized bowl and place the dough into into bowl. Turn the dough over so that both sides of the dough are lightly greased then cover the dough for one hour and place in a warm, draft-free place, such as a microwave and let rise. After the dough has doubled in size remove it from the covered bowl. Then lightly flour a cutting board. After flouring your surface place the dough onto it and knead for four minutes or until all the bubbles are gone.Once the bubbles are gone, shape the dough into a loaf and place into a greased bread pan. Then, once again cover the pan with a cloth and place back into the microwave and let rise for forty-five minutes. After the bread has doubled in size, uncover the pan and pla ce into a preheated oven of 350 degrees. Cook the bread dough for approximately forty-five minutes. A way to test the bread to see if it’s done is to knock on the top of the bread. If it sounds hollow when you knock on it, it’s done.Once you have verified that your bread is done, remove it from the oven and place it on a rack to cool. After your bread has cooled enough to touch, remove it from the bread pan and place on a cutting board. With a sharpened bread knife, cut the bread into even slices. Remember, your slices should be thick enough to hold a spread and a couple slices of sliced meat. However, it should also be thin enough to chew easily without straining your jaw. To ensure that your bread doesn’t get hard, store your bread in plastic storage bags.Bread made with milk usually has a softer crust than breads made with water. However, in any recipe for milk, you can substitue milk with water or visa versa. Now that you have properly mixed, prepared, cooke d, and stored your bread you should have a nicely browned, sweet smelling loaf of bread that Grandma used to make. Now simply dress your bread with your desired spread, meat, and vegtables, and enjoy! Works Citied Yetter, Elizabeth, White Sandwich Bread, About. com, 2012, Oct. 28, 2012

A Research Paper About Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation Essay

The corporation we have chosen for this research paper is the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation or PAGCOR. It is the Philippines 1st largest contributor of revenue after the Tax and Customs Authority. It is a government owned and controlled corporation first established in by Presidential Decree and entered itself in a contract with Philippine Casino Operators Corporation (PCOC) in operating the floating casino in the Manila Bay in 1977. They aim to captivate their customers with a world-class gaming and entertainment experience, improved infrastructure, more competitive facilities, and highly professionalized manpower. They will showcase to the world the exceptional Filipino way of serving customers, will be a pillar for national progress by instilling integrity as the backbone of their regulatory duties, investing in the education of Filipinos, and promoting Philippine tourism, culture and arts. PAGCOR currently operates 13 casinos in key cities of Metro Manila and the country’s major island groups. The Corporation has a large number of employees, over 11,000 are employed. These gaming and entertainment outlets are easily accessible by land and by air travel. Most of the PAGCOR casino sites are housed in leading hotel establishments, which are situated in some of the country’s top tourist destinations. PAGCOR casinos operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Our friendly and courteous employees are always ready and happy to serve and assist you. People of legal age (21 years and above), regardless of sex and nationality, are allowed entry inside our establishments provided they have no ban or entry suspension order issued by PAGCOR. PAGCOR has a standing policy that intemperate gamblers can be banned from entry and playing in its casinos if their immediate family so desires. To do this, the family member should write PAGCOR requesting for the ban. PAGCOR’s Security Department strictly enforces this policy. What are the special offerings, amenities and facilities of the PAGCOR casinos? First is the World-class and Non-Stop Entertainment. Entertainment centers found within the PAGCOR branches offer other forms of amusement and recreation like live band music every night, cultural shows, concerts featuring international artists and some of the country’s top performers, karaoke singing, ballroom dancing and so much more. Second is the Fine Dining Restaurants. You may enjoy fine dining from PAGCOR’s many restaurants offering a wide array of cuisines (continental, Asian and Filipino dishes). Third is their Concierge Services, they understand your need for comfort and efficiency requirements. Your satisfaction is on top of their list. For your convenience, Concierge personnel can arrange your flight schedules/requirements, hotel bookings and restaurant reservations, among others. And lastly, Other Special Services of PAGCOR. They have ample parking space and parking services in all of the PAGCOR casinos. Their competent security personnel closely guard this facility round-the-clock. Some casinos offer valet services for your convenience. PAGCOR casinos situated near airports offer transport services to valuable clients. The firm operates 13 Casinos and several VIP slot clubs in major cities across the country. It also oversees and regulates more than 180 bingo parlors as well as e-games cafes across the country. The company employs more than 11,000 employees. PAGCOR is proof that casinos and legalized gaming can be a valuable source of government funding and an effective engine for national development. In its endeavor to generate more funds for the government’s pressing concerns, PAGCOR has ventured beyond casino management. To meet the challenges of the new millennium, the gaming corporation is constantly looking for ways to improve its gaming products and maximizing the efficiency of its gaming operations. Gaming Employment License or GEL is the one who is responsible for hiring employees in this industry. The gaming industry is highly regulated by the government. There is a need to screen the persons who work in any gaming establishment for the requisite capacity, competence, and integrity to ensure that they are able to uphold global gaming standards. The Gaming Employment License is a written document issued by PAGCOR granting a person the privilege to be employed as a gaming employee within the Philippine jurisdiction. Before this license is granted, an applicant will be screened for the requisite capacity, competence, and integrity for fitness to participate in the gaming industry. PAGCOR readily provides relief operations when natural calamities or disasters occur. About 1,500 beneficiaries are benefited per relief operation. The Corporation also promote Philippine Tourism by targeting monthly average local and foreign customer attendance of 1.2 million by 2014. The Corporation is setting the standards for the casino customer experience, tapping of new market channels, promotion of the country as a unique tourism destination and PAGCOR facilities as a place for ultimate gaming and entertainment experience and recreation shows of world-class caliber. Conclusion We therefore conclude that this study will give us information about how PAGCOR become a help in our Government especially in other participatory governance. We also aim to know its various teams and the corporation’s accomplishments. This paper will tell us how the operations work, what are the corporate social responsibilities, what are the HR’s standard operating systems, their plans for the following year, relevant company information such as annual reports, financial statements, The PAGCOR Insider, items for bidding, CSR projects, institutional/corporate/casino events etc. will comprehensively discuss is this research paper. We also aim to let the people know that PAGCOR isn’t about just giving entertainment to people. But they are also helping others less fortunate in coordination with the Department of Social Welfare and Development and the Department of Education, developed the PAGCOR Feeding Program to supplement existing government feeding programs and help address the worsening malnutrition situation in the country. The Corporation is also setting the standards for the casino customer experience, tapping of new market channels, promotion of the country as a unique tourism destination and PAGCOR facilities as a place for ultimate gaming and entertainment experience and recreation shows of world-class caliber. Aside of having a feeding program, in times of calamities, PAGCOR is always ready to give assistance through its outreach operations. Victims of disasters such as typhoons and floods are provided relief goods, medicines and other items that are needed. PAGCOR has a lot of different programs like feeding program, housing program and etc. Since PAGCOR casinos operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Our friendly and courteous employees are always ready and happy to serve and assist you. These employees are well-trained employees. Because it is very important that they are being trained before they work in the said establishment. Employees in this corporation represents us too Filipinos, by being polite and kind to customers, especially foreigners. PACOR has over 11,000 employees all over the Philippines. The said corporation has its own qualifications like other establishments or corporation. Based on our research, one of the most important requirement of PAGCOR Corporation is at least you 2nd year college degree or has completed at least 80 units and excellent customer service skills since they are going to deal with a lot of people. We found out that the The Recruitment Section – Human Resource and Development Department is located at PAGCOR House, 1330 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita, Manila. This is the oldest PAGCOR branch in the country. This study will also give us information on how PAGCOR Corporation hire people and what are the requirements that are needed. This will also tell us on how the Human Resource and Development Department of PAGCOR Corporation deal with the new employees or hire employees.

History: Questions Essay

5. Compare and contrast policies, factors influencing success and outcomes achieved by the following â€Å"Asian Miracle† countries: Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Laos. After the end of World War 2, East Asia experienced a rapid economic growth which lasted till 1990; before the Asian Financial Crisis. The countries that achieved substantial growth were Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong,  Singapore and Japan. These countries were referred to as the Asian Tigers and they were known for achieving and maintaining incomparably high growth rates and rapid industrialization between 1960 and 1990 (Lall, 1996). By the 21st century, the Asian Tigers had grown into high-income and advanced economies (Page, 1994). Initially, these countries were not expected to achieve such rapid growth as compared to Western countries (Amsden,1993). The other countries which were not far behind from the five miracle economies were Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. These countries were known as the Second-Generation Tigers. However, less fortunate countries such as the former French Indochina (Focusing on Vietnam and Laos) remained lagged in terms of development. Source: Summers and Heston (1991). Barro (1989). World Bank data. Figure 1 shows the eight HPAEs; all have a positive outlier in the income-growth distribution. While Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia are closer to the predicted values, the other five economies, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong, are significantly above the predicted Gross Domestic Product growth rates on the basis of relative income level. From this chart, it is concluded that all of the HPAEs were catching up to the more developed countries. This essay analyses the causes that led to the difference in development between the Asian Tigers (5 miracle countries), Second-Generation Tigers (Second-tier countries) and the least developed ones. This essay will also state the multiple factors which led to the countries’ divergent paths and compare and analyse the impacts of each factor. The factors that will be expounded on are: (1) Economic Policies, (3) Factors influencing success and lastly, (4) Domestic and Regional Political outcomes. In 1960, the companies that achieved high growth rates and rapid industrialization were addressed as High Performing Asian Economies of Northeast Asia (HPEAs) of Northeast Asia and the Second-tier were referred to as Newly Industrialising Economies (NIEs) of Southeast Asia (Fisher & Rotemberg, 1994). Key events such as colonialism, decolonisation and the  cold war played a part in this phenomenon as it contributed to the building of HPEAs and NIEs economies. Colonialism Majority of HPEAs and NIEs countries used to be under colonial rule except for Thailand and Japan. Both Thailand and Japan used various methods to run their country; two of their main methods where their geographical location and resources available (Andressen, 2002). During the colonial era, majority of Southeast Asian countries used to have higher GDPs than Northeast Asian miracles; in the early 19th century, countries like Burma and Vietnam were wealthier than Taiwan, which GDP was $499 in 1820. During that period, both Malaysia and Indonesia’s GDP topped Taiwan and Korea until the 1940s, during the fall of colonisation. Burma and Vietnam owed most of its achievements to colonial institutions and natural resources. Unfortunately, colonialism did everything but good for both countries’ welfare (Easterly, 1994). The aim of colonialism was to acquiring full or partial political control over both countries, occupy it with settlers and exploit it economically. The Dutch, for example, introduced social classification and applied a divide-and-rule method to attain superiority over the indigenous people while exploiting them to work in plantations. The Dutch did not teach the colonies any form of manufacturing as they had no intention to invest in human resources. Similarly, British Malaya had its resources drained by colonists and when the colonist left, the countries that made up British Malaya declared independence. These independent countries continued to carry out the colonial style of administration; as this once produced significant profits, and system without the knowledge of manufacturing. The Asian Tigers: Korea & Taiwan In contrast, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong, which were colonised by Japan and Britain, did not own many natural resources. Little was to be exploited from those colonies as the colonist only found their geographical  location and labourers of use. Unlike Korea and Taiwan, which were the main hub of food production and labour-intensive industries, Singapore and Hong Kong were used as import harbours. This put Singapore and Hong Kong at an advantage as basic education was provided and allowed them to gain the upper hand in industrialization when they gained independence. In 1960, during the Cold War, when political and military tension grew between both Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc, the economies of Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore were not affected. These Asian countries were not affected as they had leaders who put communal interests over personal benefits. Both private companies and governments of HPEAs worked together and collaborated. This act is attributed to the Confucian culture which majority of Asian countries practice. The Confucian culture emphasises on prioritising of community over individual (Johnson, 1982). Their economic strategies constituted of advanced industries supported by exceptional human resources, export-oriented, market-adjusting state interventions, efficient bureaucrats and institutional cooperation consisting of both government and certain companies. Korea and Taiwan, both former Japanese colonies, promoted their local companies and invested in improving their human resources skill and technological capability by following the Japanese model with their own adaptation (Beasley, 1987). They also used protectionist policies; such as tariffs, to ensure that their immature domestic market would not be forced to compete with foreign products. For the Koreans, their post-war economic strategy was to obtain knowledge from developed countries to adopt foreign technology. This was done to provide a foundation for its domestic industries (Woronoff, 1992). Korea’s oligopolistic development model was founded in 1960, under authoritative administration of Park Chung Hee. This development model was made up of collaboration between conglomerates called chaebols. Chaebols consisted of successful exporting companies that were chosen and given privileges (Wad, 2002). Korea’s development was also supported by its human resources. Its human resource were organised in military-like discipline. Gradually, after gaining independence from Japan, Taiwan entered into industrialisation stage by allowing government bodies to  supervise its development. In 1950, the Economic Planning Institution was started. The Economic Stabilisation Board executed the first four-years of economic plans, continued by Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) who was tasked with national and regional planning (Kuznets, 1959). CEPD coordinated with ministries to ensure that development would be done according to plan but they had no authority to supervise. Government involvement could also be seen through the Ministry of Economic Affairs’ role in outlining which subdivision should be supported and this included industries of which Taiwan is reputable for: machinery, electronics, and telecommunications. In mid 1960, the government built export-allocated zones which were easy to access from harbours and airports. To stimulate export, customs and taxes were reduced and low interest loans were promoted. In 1980, labour skills gradually improved and this also resulted in the improvement of the education sector. Meanwhile, the NIEs and other less fortunate countries such as Vietnam and Laos; although predicted to be the next tigers following the success of their Northeast Asian counterparts, could not catch up with HPEAs. Some of the NIEs formed a ‘neo-patrimonial’ state. Neo-patrimonial is classified by having inefficient bureaucracy, nepotistic leaders and unstable authority. These nepotistic leaders show favouritism and public interest becomes second priority. This leads to poor economic growth along with disorganised policies. Furthermore, unlike the HPEAs that benefited from having a relatively homogenous ethnicity, Southeast Asian countries were diverse. This diversity in ethnic groups made it difficult for the ethnic groups to understand each other. In addition, due to the Cold War, the former French Indochina suffered severe political instability and economic collapse. The Second Generation Tigers: Thailand & Malaysia Similarly, Thailand and Malaysia both failed to achieve HPEAs success. In 1980, Malaysia tried to adapt HPEAs intervention model, but failed implement their policies. Thailand, on the other hand, was hindered by political  instability (Unger, 1995). In Malaysia’s case, participation of local companies was low and foreign companies played a greater role in Malaysia’s economy (Lubeck, 1992). Also, local companies depended on foreign technology and the country’s demand for advanced technical skills was not fulfilled. Furthermore, there was an ethnic divide between the indigenous people and Chinese. This prevented cohesive cooperation in both Thailand and Malaysia As for Thailand, the government, shareholders and military were unable to cooperate. The military would occasionally launch coup attempts and such attempts disrupted both political stability and economic activities. Vietnam & Laos Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were the main Southeast Asian countries with poor economies. These countries’ economic problems were the result of internal conflicts (Tran Van Tho, 2003). The conflicts in Vietnam and Laos resulted in the victory of the communist party and as for Cambodia, the democratic government ruled. In 1970s, Vietnam was exhausted and isolated due to its involvement with the conflict between Cambodia and USA. Due to the conflict, Vietnam became one of the poorest countries in the region. Realising the need to fix their economic condition, Vietnam adapted a reformist pace by allowing private ownership in small to medium enterprises and opened itself to investments (Brown, 1995). This move led to Vietnam’s economic prospers, though lagging behind its capitalist neighbours. Vietnam currently relies on raw and secondary products (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2014). Cambodia and Laos were both alienated from being one of the Asian Miracle. Laos, being in between Thailand and Vietnam became a heated political theatre during the Cold War. Although Laos reformed it’s economic sector simultaneously with Vietnam, its economic growth pace was slow as the country relied on natural resources, agriculture and low skilled labourers. Only in early 1990 did Laos manage to expand its industry and attract foreign investors. To summarise, this essay has argued that the Asian miracle was an uneven phenomenon that only happened to some countries. It also states how rapid economic growth occurred in the eight East Asian countries; mainly focussing on Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Thailand. Furthermore, the common denominators of success: (1) maintaining macroeconomic stability, (2) broad-based educational strategies, (3) export growth, and (4) insignificance of industrial policy have been discussed upon. This essay argues that export push was a successful strategy, while industrial policy was â€Å"insignificant.† In conclusion, the substantial achievements of the HPEAs were owed to the collaboration of both companies and the government whose goal was to build a sustainable economy for the country. Majority of the Asian Tigers (First- tiers) were not blessed with plenty of natural resources but they managed to improve by investing in human resources and value-added goods. In addition, these countries also showed a strong unity among the society, government, and businessmen. The government’s authoritative nature created stability and helped to bring about positive impacts on the economy. The second-tier managed to get closer to the first-tiers due to the resources available. However, the second-tiers did not manage to draw alongside or surpass the first-tiers as they relied on low value-added goods, raw materials and low wage labourers. Also, their governments personal interests and corruption hindered the countries development. Citation Amsden, A. H. (1993). Why isn’t the whole world experimenting with the East Asian model to develop? Review of the World Bank’s East Asian Miracle Report, to appear in Symposium on the World Bank’s East Asian Miracle Report, in World Development. Andressen, C. A. (2002). Short History of Japan: from Samurai to Sony, Allen & Unwin. St. Leonards. Beasley, W. G.(1987). Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945, Oxford University Press, New York. Brown, FZ ‘The Economic Development of Vietnam Laos, and Cambodia’ in Young C Kim (ed.), The Southeast Asian Economic Miracle, Transaction Publishers, London, 1995 pp. 85-104 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, The New ASEANS: Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia, & Laos, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/catalogue/new_asia.pdf. [Accessed 03 September 2014]. Easterly, W. (1994). Explaining miracles: Growth regressions meet the gang of four. In NBER, East Asian seminar on economics 1993, T. Ito and A. O. Krueger (eds.). Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and The Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Kuznets, S. (1959). Six lectures on economic growth. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Lall, S.(1996). Learning from the Asian Tigers, Macmillan Press Ltd., London. Lubeck, PM ‘Malaysian Industrialization, Ethnic Division, and the NIC Model’, in RP Appelbaum & J Henderson (eds.), States and Development in Asia Pacific Rim, Sage Publications, London, 1992, p.177-181 Page, J. ‘The East Asian Miracle: Four Lessons for Development Policy’, in S Fisher & J J Rotemberg (eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, MIT Press 1994, pp. 219-282 Tran Van Tho. (2003). ‘Economic development in Vietnam during the second half of the 20th century: How to avoid the danger of lagging behind’ in Binh Tran Nam and Chi Do Pham (eds) The Vietnamese Economy: Awakening the dorming dragon. RoutledCurzon. Unger, D. (1995). ‘Government and Business in Thailand’, in Young C Kim (ed.), The Southeast Asian Economic Miracle, Transaction Publishers, London, 1995 pp.137-158 Wad, P ‘The Political Business of Development in South Korea’, in Edmund Terrence Gomez (ed.) Political Business in East Asia, Routledge, London & New York, 2002 pp. 182-215 World Bank, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, pp. 90-92 Woronoff, J.(1992). Asia’s Miracle Economies, 2nd ed., M. E. Sharpe Publisher. New York.